A mosque designed by Emre Arolat in Istanbul searches for new typological approaches and finds them in the history of Islam.

If you want to visit the Sancaklar Mosque in Istanbul, you first have to ask around – or find a guide. It is located in the far west of the city, northwest of Atatürk Airport, in a new development area with many gated communities. Many members of the Sancak industrialist family, whose foundation made the construction of the mosque possible and gave it its name, live here.

Contrary to what the government and the religious institutions controlled by it would have us believe, the history of mosque construction in Turkey is by no means limited to a specific typology and certainly not to the dome mosque type – even if this undoubtedly represents an architectural highlight. There are hardly any liturgical or formal specifications for the building.

For Emre Arolat, the request from the Sancak family was an opportunity to think fundamentally about the typology of the mosque and to find a solution that would do justice to the location. As the terrain slopes steeply and at the same time offers a wide view of the landscape, the building site offered a number of incentives. But it was not only the topography that made it obvious to bury the prayer room of the new mosque in the ground – the story of the revelation given to the Prophet Mohamed in the Hira cave also forms a conceptual superstructure.

Step by step, the complex opens up through the large flight of steps leading from the parking lot into the courtyard. This opens up a magnificent view over the valley and the large lake. The green courtyard leads to the community center with library as well as the mosque itself. The toilets and the rooms for ablutions before the service are accessible through separate entrances shielded by slate walls. A small stream flows through the courtyard garden and forms small lakes, while a waterfall springs from a slate wall. The black stone, concrete surfaces and wooden walls define the design of the space – the green of the lawn forms a charming contrast. Two new trees have been planted and two old olive trees have been preserved.

Photos: Thomas Mayer

Read more in Baumeister 8/2015

School closures due to heat are a thing of the past—today, it’s all about resilient educational buildings! Schools and daycare centers are on the front lines of climate adaptation. Anyone planning for the next generation must design buildings and outdoor spaces that can withstand heat, heavy rain, and new health risks. What makes an educational building future-proof? And how can we strike a balance between pedagogy, architecture, and climate protection? Welcome to the practical world of climate adaptation—where innovation isn’t an option, but a necessity.

• Why climate adaptation has become a central planning task in schools and daycare centers
• What risks and challenges climate change poses for educational buildings
• How architecture and open-space design can specifically contribute to climate resilience
• What technical, planning, and legal tools are available
• How integrated planning combines sustainability, health, and quality of life
• Practical examples from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland: What really works?
• Why participation, communication, and governance are key to success
• What mistakes should be avoided—and how planners can create real added value
• How resilient educational buildings can serve as a blueprint for the climate-adapted city

Climate Adaptation as a Mandatory Task: Why Schools and Daycare Centers Must Become Resilient Now

Anyone who drops off children at school or daycare in the morning expects a safe, healthy, and inspiring learning environment. But the reality of many educational buildings has long been shaped by new climate risks. Summer overheating, inadequate shading, flooded playgrounds, and stuffy indoor spaces are no longer isolated occurrences in German, Austrian, and Swiss cities—they are becoming the new normal in planning. Climate change is causing facades and roofs to age prematurely, increasing exposure to fine particulate matter and pollen, and forcing operators, educators, and planners to rethink their approaches.

The numbers speak for themselves: In Central Europe, the number of hot days has risen rapidly since the 1990s. Especially in densely populated urban neighborhoods, courtyards and classrooms can heat up to 40 degrees during heat waves. This not only impairs learning ability but also poses a health risk, particularly for children. Added to this are heavy rain events that turn poorly drained schoolyards into lakes and threaten the structural integrity of buildings. The invisible danger: Climate change exacerbates social inequalities—because disadvantaged neighborhoods usually suffer the most from poor climatic conditions.

The fact that schools and daycare centers are systemically important as public infrastructure became clear, if not before, during the pandemic. Now it is evident that they are also critical to the climate system. This is where children are cared for, supported, and educated—often for the majority of the day. If these places fail to function, the social balance is thrown off course. Municipalities, building owners, and planners have a duty not only to comply with building codes for thermal insulation but also to proactively build climate resilience. This means that educational buildings must be designed so that they remain usable, healthy, and safe even under extreme conditions.

Why is this task so complex? Because schools and daycare centers are much more than just buildings. They are educational spaces, social gathering places, and venues for integration and play. Their users are particularly vulnerable—children, parents, and teachers. Every planning decision has a direct impact on their daily lives. That’s why it’s not enough to simply retrofit technical measures like shading systems or ventilation systems. What’s needed is a holistic understanding of how architecture, open space, technology, and usage interlock. This is precisely where the wheat is separated from the chaff—and the planning table becomes a laboratory for the city of tomorrow.

The political framework is now clear. In many federal states, municipalities are required to integrate climate adaptation into their land-use planning. Funding programs and competitions provide incentives for innovative solutions. Yet there is still a gap between the letter of the law and the reality on the ground. Anyone planning or renovating educational buildings today can no longer rely on standard solutions. What is needed are tailored, context-specific strategies that bring together local climate data, social structures, and educational concepts.

In short: Climate adaptation for schools and daycare centers is not an option, but a necessity—and it will determine what our cities of the future look like. Those who fail in this regard risk not only costly retrofits but also the well-being of entire generations. Yet those who plan boldly and smartly can create educational buildings that are far more than just “climate-resilient”: they become beacons of innovation, participation, and quality of life.

Risk Analysis and Challenges: What Really Threatens Educational Buildings Today

The risks that climate change poses to schools and daycare centers are diverse and often interrelated. The most obvious danger is overheating in the summer. In poorly insulated or improperly oriented buildings, indoor temperatures quickly rise to levels that make learning impossible. Older buildings with large window areas and a lack of shading are particularly affected. The consequences include difficulty concentrating, circulatory problems among children, and increased sick leave among staff. Ventilation helps only to a limited extent, as there is often a lack of smart ventilation systems that function even when outdoor temperatures are high.

Heavy rainfall events, which have become more frequent in recent years, pose another threat. Overloaded sewer systems, impervious schoolyards, and a lack of retention areas prevent rainwater from draining properly. The result is flooded entrances, damaged flooring, and outdoor areas that are temporarily unusable. It is not uncommon for significant follow-up costs to arise from repairs and operational downtime. Particularly critical: When water penetrates basements, it not only endangers the building’s structure but also the storage of teaching materials and equipment.

But climate change has more subtle effects. Longer dry spells cause green spaces in schoolyards to turn brown, trees to die, and dust levels in the air to rise. The quality of the outdoor environment declines, and the already scarce shaded areas become even more valuable. At the same time, exposure to pollen and fine particulate matter is increasing, which is particularly problematic for children with respiratory conditions or allergies. As a result, outdoor recreation areas are avoided, physical activity opportunities are limited, and educational diversity suffers.

Another risk is the aging and technical overload of existing building systems. Many schools and daycare centers are equipped with heating, ventilation, and plumbing systems that are not designed to handle either extreme heat or high humidity. Regular maintenance is expensive and technically demanding. Added to this is the fact that there are not enough qualified personnel available everywhere to operate the systems optimally. Resources are particularly limited in rural areas—and the backlog of necessary investments is growing.

The psychological impact of climate-related stress is often underestimated. When children, teachers, and parents see that their educational institutions reach their limits with every extreme weather event, a sense of insecurity and resignation sets in. The school becomes a problem rather than a role model. Especially in neighborhoods facing social challenges, this can further erode acceptance of educational institutions. Climate adaptation is thus also a matter of equal opportunity—and therefore a central issue for urban development as a whole.

The greatest challenge remains integrating all these risks into a consistent planning process. It is not enough to react to individual events. Rather, planners must think in terms of scenarios, anticipate interactions, and act systemically. The challenge lies in developing forward-looking strategies that function even under unforeseen conditions. This is precisely what distinguishes resilient educational buildings from mere patchwork solutions consisting of individual measures.

Design Principles and Tools: How Architecture and Open Space Enable Climate Resilience

At the heart of every successful climate adaptation of schools and daycare centers is an integrated planning concept that intertwines architecture, engineering, and open-space design. Anyone seeking to design climate-resilient educational buildings does not start with the facade, but rather with a precise site analysis. Microclimatic data, solar patterns, wind directions, and local precipitation patterns determine how the building is positioned on its lot. Even the orientation of the classrooms can determine whether a building stays cool in the summer or becomes a heat trap.

The selection and arrangement of building materials are equally crucial. Solid, well-insulated walls provide thermal mass and prevent extreme temperature fluctuations. Green roofs and facades act as natural air conditioning by retaining rainwater, lowering the ambient temperature, and trapping fine particulate matter. Innovative shading systems—from deep pergolas to flexible sun sails—not only protect against direct sunlight but also create varied recreational areas for children and staff.

Inside the buildings, the focus is on flexible, multifunctional spaces that can be adapted to changing usage requirements. Intelligent ventilation systems with heat recovery, CO₂ sensors, and optional nighttime cooling provide fresh air without wasting energy. In new construction, many designers rely on decentralized ventilation systems that can condition rooms independently of one another. In renovation projects, simple measures such as replacing windows, retrofitting sunshades, or installing ceiling fans help improve comfort—without causing operating costs to skyrocket.

Outdoor spaces have long been more than just playgrounds. They are becoming climate oases, experimental grounds, and places of retreat. Smart landscaping with site-appropriate, heat- and drought-resistant trees and shrubs provides shade, filters dust, and increases biodiversity. Permeable paving, swale-trench systems, and rain gardens ensure that even after heavy rainfall, water drains quickly and remains available to the vegetation. Recreational areas featuring water, such as small ponds or fountains, create microclimates that provide cooling even on hot days.

Technical tools such as building automation, sensor-based controls, and digital monitoring systems open up new possibilities for building management. They allow for the continuous monitoring of temperature, air quality, and humidity, with adjustments made as needed. This makes it possible to identify critical situations early on and take countermeasures—such as automatically closing shading elements or selectively opening skylights for nighttime cooling. The challenge lies in integrating this technology in a way that keeps it intuitive for users and prevents it from becoming an end in itself.

The key to success lies in dialogue among all stakeholders. Planners, building owners, educators, parents, and, not least, the children themselves must be involved in the process. Participatory workshops, model-building projects, and digital platforms make it possible to identify needs early on and jointly develop innovative solutions. Only in this way can educational buildings be created that are equipped to meet not only current but also future challenges—and truly deserve the label “resilient.”

Best Practices and Pitfalls: What Works—and What Doesn’t—in the DACH Region

A look at successful examples from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland shows just how varied the paths to climate-resilient schools or daycare centers can be—and how crucial context is. In Vienna, for example, the city consistently prioritizes green roofs and green facades when renovating school buildings. The “Cooles Grätzl” program links building measures with neighborhood initiatives, transforming schoolyards into green gathering places for the entire community. Experience shows that greening measures are not only ecologically effective but also strengthen social integration and raise awareness of sustainability among children and teachers.

In Zurich, the “Schulhaus Freilager” project was developed from the outset as a comprehensive, climate-adapted concept. Here, solid walls, front-facing pergolas, and a sophisticated ventilation system ensure a comfortable indoor climate—even when outdoor temperatures exceed 35 degrees. The open spaces are designed as nature-oriented play areas, featuring rainwater retention, shaded areas, and a variety of play options. The result: a school day that runs smoothly even during heat waves.

In Munich, the renovation of daycare centers places particular emphasis on reducing impervious surfaces and creating multifunctional open spaces. Rainwater is retained on-site and used for irrigation, while modular sunshades can be flexibly adjusted to meet daily needs. Accompanying monitoring projects show that the amount of time children spend outdoors has increased significantly—and operating costs for cooling and irrigation have decreased.

But things don’t always go smoothly. In many municipalities, ambitious climate adaptation projects fail due to a lack of coordination among the agencies involved, overly rigid funding criteria, or uncertainty regarding the selection of suitable building materials. Particularly when renovating existing buildings, integrating modern technology often proves challenging—for example, when historic facades are to be preserved. User involvement is also frequently underestimated: Implementing measures without the buy-in of educators and parents risks misuse and frustration in everyday life.

Another problem is financing. Many innovative measures are more expensive to purchase than conventional solutions—but they pay for themselves in the long term through lower operating costs and a higher quality of use. Here, local governments must find the courage to invest and combine funding sources wisely. Well-documented pilot projects and transparent success criteria help secure political support and public acceptance. Experience shows that those who view climate adaptation as part of a comprehensive education and urban development strategy achieve sustainable results—and prevent costly repairs in the future.

Ultimately, every school and every daycare center is unique. There is no one-size-fits-all solution, only tailored strategies that are adapted to the location, the users, and local resources. Those who recognize the obstacles and have the courage to experiment can create educational buildings that are more than just “climate-proof”—they serve as models for the resilient city of tomorrow.

Governance, Participation, and Outlook: The City as a Learning System

Climate adaptation of schools and daycare centers is not merely a construction task—it is a matter of governance. Those who want sustainable solutions must bring the right stakeholders to the table and ensure that decision-making processes are transparent. This begins with political leadership: municipalities should develop guiding principles that make climate resilience a priority. Funding programs, competitions, and expert committees can provide impetus, but they cannot replace strategic integration into the day-to-day operations of the administration.

A key to success is the early involvement of all stakeholders. Educators, parents, children, planners, operators, and the neighborhood should be allowed to have a say not just at the end, but already during the conceptual phase. Participatory planning processes help identify needs, avoid conflicts, and develop innovative solutions. Digital tools such as 3D models, simulations, and participatory platforms make complex interrelationships visible and facilitate communication.

It is also important to continuously evaluate and adapt the measures. Climate-resilient educational buildings are not static projects, but part of a learning city. Monitoring systems, user surveys, and regular reviews of operating costs help identify weaknesses and make adjustments. Those who view mistakes as opportunities for innovation transform the planning process into a cycle of improvement—and turn schools and daycare centers into true laboratories for the future.

The role of the public sector in this context is ambivalent. On the one hand, it is called upon to set binding standards and provide resources. On the other hand, it must create room for experimentation and local adaptations. Especially in federal structures such as those in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, it is crucial to share knowledge, leverage synergies, and learn from one another. Networks such as the Climate Alliance, best-practice databases, and intermunicipal working groups are invaluable in this regard.

Ultimately, it comes down to attitude: climate adaptation is not about managing scarcity, but about shaping opportunities. Those who view educational buildings as pioneers of the climate-adapted city are investing not only in concrete and technology, but in the future viability of entire neighborhoods. The next generation will thank us—and perhaps even become planners, gardeners, and architects of resilience themselves.

A look ahead: The challenges aren’t getting any smaller, nor are the expectations any lower. But every climate-resilient school, every green daycare center, sends a clear message: We take this transformation seriously. And we know—the best is yet to come. Because the city of tomorrow is growing in today’s classrooms.

Summary: Climate adaptation of schools and daycare centers is the central challenge for planners, municipalities, and society in the DACH region. It requires a shift in thinking—away from standard solutions and toward tailored, integrated strategies. Those who cleverly combine architecture, technology, open space, and governance create educational settings that function even under extreme conditions. Practical examples from Vienna, Zurich, and Munich show how innovative solutions can succeed—and where stumbling blocks lie in wait. What matters most is the courage to engage, evaluate, and experiment. In this way, schools and daycare centers become not only climate-resilient but also beacons for sustainable urban development. Those who invest in these places are investing in the future of society—and setting standards for a new culture of planning that brings together resilience and quality of life like nowhere else.