A conservator pleads for the ephemeral

Building design
Elisabetha Bosetti, a trained fresco restorer, has a great passion for spontaneous muralism in the streets. Photo: Elisabetta Bosetti

Fresco restorer Elisabetha

She retouched Correggio’s frescoes and rescued a badly damaged work by Cobra artist Carl-Henning Pedersen. But no matter how prominent the names, the curator Elisabetta Bosetti never allows any work to become a fetish. Perhaps this has something to do with her enthusiasm for ephemeral art. An enthusiasm that arose in 2016 when she was involved in Christo’s installation on Lake Iseo. […]

She retouched Correggio’s frescoes and rescued a badly damaged work by Cobra artist Carl-Henning Pedersen. But no matter how prominent the names, the curator Elisabetta Bosetti never allows any work to become a fetish. Perhaps this has something to do with her enthusiasm for ephemeral art. An enthusiasm that arose in 2016 when she was involved in Christo’s installation on Lake Iseo. For the European CAPuS project, Bosetti is researching the materiality and forms of expression of street art – for her, the epitome of a new shared cultural heritage

Elisabetta Bosetti didn’t hesitate for a second when she received the invitation to take part in Christo’s two-week installation “Floating Piers” on Lake Iseo in Italy. Around a thousand workers assembled the yellow fabric-covered piers that criss-crossed the lake and connected the shore with the islands. As the railing-free walkways sloped slightly towards the edge, visitors had the impression of walking directly on the water. Or on a whale, as Christo himself remarked.

“Christo was extremely friendly to us all,” reports Bosetti. He visited the headquarters almost every late afternoon after their team returned by boat from the work shift. He patiently posed for selfies with his fans. She also managed to get a souvenir photo herself, Bosetti says happily. “For me, this temporary installation is one of the most remarkable in contemporary art,” summarizes the Italian. “It shows how art creates or transforms a space, a situation, an environment or even a landscape.”

Even if the Floating Piers left no physical traces, they had a lasting intellectual and emotional impact on people. “Ephemeral art promotes an inner process that is free from any attachment to a specific, ephemeral medium”. Preserving works of art, on the other hand, often borders on fetishism, criticizes Bosetti. “We tend to grant the object a cult-like status and try to preserve the material forever, which is basically a huge contradiction in terms”.

She thus touches on a much-discussed dilemma in the conservation of contemporary art in particular: “The materials in the artworks are susceptible to the ravages of time. It would be wise to keep this in mind when we conserve.” In Italy, which has a centuries-long tradition of preserving art and cultural assets, her profession is highly respected.

Soon after moving to Copenhagen, Elisabetta Bosetti realized what a fundamentally different status restorers or conservators had from a Danish perspective. At least in the 1990s, many Danes were not really able to categorize the profession. “To make matters worse, the Danish word for conservator and taxidermist is identical – that often led to confusion.”

Overall, however, she found the “clash of cultures” mostly enriching. Above all, she likes the problem-solving approach, the sense of community and the solidarity of the Danes. She came to the decision to go to Copenhagen after listening to a Danish restorer’s presentation on working with contemporary art at a symposium in Milan.

“The Italian methodology I was familiar with was so much more dogmatic,” Bosetti realized. Her curiosity was aroused: Having previously worked mainly on old wall paintings – such as Correggio’s frescoes in the church of San Giovanni Battista in Parma or those of the Giotto school in Milan’s church of Santo Eustorgio – she felt an urge to explore contemporary terrain abroad.

The conservator moved to Denmark in 1991, where she worked for various private and state conservation studios and studied art history and project management in Copenhagen. Bosetti believes that every work is unique and cannot be repeated. That’s why she doesn’t fixate on a specific era, the conservator emphasizes: “I like the challenge, the variety of tasks and the privilege of getting very close to exquisite, problematic and exciting art.”

This includes the painting “Tænksom Fugl” by Carl-Henning Pedersen. It had suffered severe damage during a theft. Not only was it seriously distorted, it was also disfigured by a cut over seventy centimetres long, with the paint layer detaching from the canvas in many places. The repair turned out to be a real challenge. The treatment of the tear in particular caused Bosetti a lot of headaches.

She ruled out a simple lamination, as this would have completely alienated the original expression and the genesis of the painting. In line with the theory of art historian Cesare Brandis, she is convinced that a work can only be given respect during conservation if it is understood as a unity of materials and intellectual process. “I had real nightmares during the lengthy restoration process,” the expert recalls. But with a great deal of patience and skill, she turned the supposed mission impossible into a happy ending: “Tænksom Fugl” appears untouched today.

However, the trained fresco restorer has a particular passion for the spontaneous muralism of the streets. This is why she supports the European CAPuS project alongside her work for the MaleriKonservering studio. Bosetti has set herself the task of identifying and documenting the works of art in Copenhagen that fall under the category of “urban art” or street art.

Read more in RESTAURO 6/2019.

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Elisabeth – a figure on the threshold of two wills

Building design
The depiction in which Mary meets Elizabeth has been depicted particularly frequently in art. Photo: Domenico Ghirlandaio, Public domain, via: Wikimedia Commons

The depiction in which Mary meets Elizabeth has been depicted particularly frequently in art.
Photo: Domenico Ghirlandaio, Public domain, via: Wikimedia Commons

Elizabeth is one of the few female figures in the New Testament whose theological significance extends far beyond her brief presence in the text. As the mother of John the Baptist, she stands at the intersection of Old Testament expectation and New Testament revelation – a position that has fascinated both the Bible and the visual arts. Hardly any other biblical figure combines prophetic witness, maternal authority and spiritual insight so impressively in a single figure.

Within the story of Jesus’ birth in the Gospel of Luke, Elizabeth plays a structurally indispensable role. Her story opens the first curtain of the drama of salvation: long childless and living in a priestly environment, she becomes the mother of John the Baptist through divine intervention. Luke’s Gospel thus deliberately draws on Old Testament narrative patterns – think of Sarah, Hannah or Ruth – in which barrenness is understood as a trial and overcoming it as a sign of election. In this literary tradition, she is not a marginal figure, but a theologically calculated intervention: the miraculous pregnancy of the old woman prepares the even more miraculous pregnancy of the young Mary.

The first chapter of Luke’s Gospel portrays Elizabeth as righteous before God, which is particularly important in the ancient context, as childlessness was considered a social and religious stigma. When the angel Gabriel announces the impending birth to her husband Zacharias, this marks a turning point that characterizes the entire narrative structure of the Gospel. The change from barrenness to fertility is no mere miracle – it is a signal of salvation history. The figure reaches its theological climax at the moment of the so-called Visitation, when Mary visits her relatives. At the sound of the greeting, the child leaps in Elizabeth’s womb – a prenatal recognition of Jesus, which is interpreted in the exegetical tradition as the first prophetic act of John the Baptist. Elizabeth’s words spoken in response – “Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb” – were incorporated into the later Ave Maria, making it one of the most quoted phrases in the Christian liturgy. Here she does not act as a passive observer, but as a prophetic witness who names the identity of Jesus’ salvation even before his birth and thus linguistically crosses the boundary between the two testaments.

No pictorial motif in which Elizabeth appears has had such a lasting impact on art history as the Visitatio – the Visitation. Since the early Middle Ages, it has been part of the established canon of Marian picture cycles, and the motif unfolds its full iconographic complexity in the High Renaissance at the latest. Giotto di Bondone depicts the encounter between the two women in the Cappella degli Scrovegni in Padua (around 1305) with physical immediacy: the intimate embrace becomes a visible form of divine grace that takes place in human contact. Giotto’s composition thus sets a standard for all subsequent depictions.
Domenico Ghirlandaio adopts the motif in his fresco of the “Visitazione” (1491) in Santa Maria Novella in Florence and anchors it in the spirit of Renaissance humanism: the two women meet in a balanced, almost symmetrical composition against a moderate architectural backdrop. The age difference – Maria is youthful, Elisabeth more mature and experienced – becomes a formal device that emphasizes the miraculous nature of both pregnancies. In northern Europe, Albrecht Dürer takes up the theme in his woodcut series The Life of Mary (around 1502-1510): The scene is more narratively condensed, embedded in a richly detailed everyday setting that transfers the sacred into the familiar.

In addition to the Visitation, Elizabeth can also be found in the depiction of the birth of John the Baptist. In late medieval panel paintings, she often lies in childbed surrounded by servants while the newborn is being bathed – an iconographic parallel to the birth of Mary, which embeds her role as mother in family and social contexts. A particularly impressive example is Rogier van der Weyden’s altarpiece with the “Birth of the Baptist” (c. 1455, Gemäldegalerie Berlin), in which the reclining Elizabeth forms the center of a carefully arranged group of women with quiet dignity.
In the Baroque period, the emotional energy of the visitation scene intensifies considerably. In his “Visitation” (c. 1612), Peter Paul Rubens lends it a dynamic physicality: Elizabeth confronts Mary with sweeping gestures, while light and color heighten the spiritual excitement of the moment to a pathetic level. Here she is not a silent companion figure, but a woman whose devout joy is directly expressed in her movement and posture.
Characteristic of her portrayal across all epochs is the pictorial emphasis on age. Greyish hair, finely drawn facial features and a measured posture allude to her advanced years and emphasize the wonderfulness of her motherhood. At the same time, these features lend the figure a special dignity: she stands for constancy and fidelity in faith, for a depth of experience that complements the youthful Mary.
The enduring presence of the figure in painting, sculpture and stained glass – even in contemporary interpretations – demonstrates how productive the few verses of Luke’s Gospel have remained as an artistic template. In Elizabeth, female experience of faith, prophetic clarity and maternal authority are condensed into a figure that asserts its own unmistakable voice between restraint and theological effectiveness.

Drought as an extreme weather event

Building design
Drought: Desolate landscapes and parched soils illustrate the increasing challenges posed by climate change and water scarcity. Photo: Brent Olson via Pixabay

Drought: Desolate landscapes and parched soils illustrate the increasing challenges posed by climate change and water scarcity. Photo: Brent Olson via Pixabay

Drought is no longer a rare phenomenon in Germany, but an increasingly significant environmental problem that has far-reaching consequences for nature, society and the economy. The persistent dry periods pose considerable challenges for water supply, agriculture and ecosystems. In view of global climate change, the issue of drought is becoming increasingly urgent and requires a comprehensive understanding of the causes, effects and adaptation strategies.

Drought is caused by the interaction of various natural and anthropogenic factors:

  • Lack of precipitation: a prolonged period of significantly below-average precipitation leads to a deficit of soil moisture and water in rivers and lakes.

  • High temperatures: Rising temperatures increase the evaporation rate of water from soils, plants and water bodies, which exacerbates drought.

  • Changes in land use: Intensive agriculture, drainage of wetlands and deforestation reduce the ability of the landscape to store and balance water.

  • Climate change: Man-made climate change influences all of the above factors, changing precipitation patterns and increasing the frequency and intensity of droughts.

These factors often interact and reinforce each other, making drought in Germany an increasingly complex and multi-layered problem.

The consequences of drought are manifold and affect almost all areas of life:

  • Agriculture: lack of water leads to crop failures, reduced plant growth and increased stress for crops. This jeopardizes food security and the economic existence of many farms.

  • Water resources: Falling groundwater levels and dried-up rivers affect the supply of drinking water, industry and energy production. Water scarcity can lead to conflicts of use between different sectors.

  • Ecosystems: Wetlands, peatlands and forests suffer from a lack of water, leading to a loss of biodiversity and habitat degradation.

  • Society: Water scarcity can exacerbate social tensions, reduce quality of life and also lead to economic damage in the long term.

The economic costs of drought and associated extreme weather events are considerable and highlight the need for sustainable management of water resources.

In order to effectively meet the challenges of drought, a variety of measures are required at different levels:

  • Sustainable agriculture: by adapting cultivation methods – such as mulch sowing, crop rotation and the use of drought-resistant varieties – soil moisture can be better conserved and the resilience of crops increased.

  • Efficient water management: The promotion of rainwater harvesting, the renaturation of wetlands and the unsealing of land help to strengthen natural water cycles and replenish groundwater reserves.

  • Forest conversion: Conversion to climate-resistant mixed forests improves the water storage capacity of the landscape and reduces the risk of forest fires.

  • Political measures: The introduction of water user charges, the promotion of adaptation projects and continuous monitoring of water resources are important instruments to promote the economical use of water.

  • Innovative approaches: Concepts such as agri-photovoltaics, which combine agricultural use with solar energy production, offer forward-looking opportunities to combine agriculture and climate protection.

Drought is a complex phenomenon with far-reaching effects on the environment, the economy and society. The increasing frequency and intensity of dry periods calls for a rethink in agriculture, water management and spatial planning. Targeted prevention and adaptation strategies can improve resilience to drought and limit the negative consequences. At the same time, addressing the issue opens up opportunities for innovation and sustainable economic activity.

Responsible use of water and soil is essential to ensure a livable environment for future generations.

If you are looking for further information on regional adaptation measures or support programs, there are numerous advisory services available from environmental authorities and specialist institutions.

Find out more about Beat the Heat here.