Eugène Viollet-le-Duc: architect, theorist, restorer

Building design
Eugène Viollet-le-Duc (1814-1879), French architect, architectural theorist and monument conservator.Eugène Viollet-le-Duc (1814-1879), French architect, architectural theorist and monument conservator. He is considered one of the most influential figures in 19th century architecture. Photo: Public domain, via: Wikimedia Commons
Eugène Viollet-le-Duc (1814-1879), French architect, architectural theorist and monument conservator.Eugène Viollet-le-Duc (1814-1879), French architect, architectural theorist and monument conservator. He is considered one of the most influential figures in 19th century architecture. Photo: Public domain, via: Wikimedia Commons

Eugène Viollet-le-Duc was one of the most influential architects and architectural theorists of the 19th century. His work includes the restoration of important medieval buildings, influential theoretical writings and contributions to the architecture of historicism – and is still the subject of professional debate today.

Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc was born in Paris on January 27, 1814. He grew up in a culturally influenced environment – his father was a civil servant, his uncle Étienne-Jean Delécluze a well-known art critic. Instead of attending the Académie des Beaux-Arts, the young Viollet-le-Duc traveled through France and Italy and acquired a profound knowledge of medieval building techniques by carefully studying the buildings on site. This knowledge stood him in good stead for the restoration of historical buildings as well as for contemporary building projects. With his designs, Viollet-le-Duc contributed to the architecture of historicism, which was based on past stylistic periods and interpreted them for the present.

Restorations: Method and scope

The breakthrough came in 1840, when the Inspector General of Historical Monuments, Prosper Mérimée, commissioned him to restore the abbey church of Vézelay. Other important projects followed: the city fortifications of Carcassonne, the Château de Pierrefonds, the Palais des Papes in Avignon and Notre-Dame de Paris, where he worked together with Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lassus from 1844.
His approach to restoration was guided by a clear theoretical standpoint. In the Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle (1854-1868), he defined restoration as the restoration of a building to a complete state that need not have actually existed at any particular moment. The aim was not the mere conservation of what already existed, but the completion of the original design principle, as he interpreted it. As he put it: “Restoration does not mean preserving, repairing or rebuilding a building – it means restoring it to a complete state that may not have existed at any time.”
In practice, this meant that he added pointed slate roofs to towers in Carcassonne – a roof shape that is not historically documented for the region. The crossing tower of Notre-Dame, which collapsed in the 2019 fire, was also an addition by Viollet-le-Duc that had not previously existed on the cathedral.

Professional controversies

Viollet-le-Duc’s work in the field of monument conservation is controversial among researchers. The central point of criticism is that restored buildings could end up in a state that they had never been in before. Viollet-le-Duc and his students are therefore sometimes pejoratively referred to as vandalisme restaurateurs – restoration vandals.
It was long assumed that the British art critic John Ruskin was a staunch opponent of Viollet-le-Duc’s restoration method. However, an analysis of Ruskin’s writings from 2018 has revised this image: Ruskin demonstrably never directly criticized Viollet-le-Duc on this subject. At the same time, the conservation value of Viollet-le-Duc’s work is undisputed: Numerous buildings, including the city walls of Carcassonne and parts of Notre-Dame de Paris, were in such poor condition in the 19th century that their complete loss would have been imminent without intervention.

Architectural theory and aftermath

In addition to his practical work, Viollet-le-Duc was a prolific architectural theorist. In Entretiens sur l’architecture (1863-1872), he developed the theory that architecture should arise from the requirements of construction and material. He understood the Gothic cathedral not as a decorative overall picture, but as a structural system of coordinated forces and counter-forces. This approach had a far-reaching influence on later architects. Antoni Gaudí studied Viollet-le-Duc’s writings in detail before working on the Sagrada Família. Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright also referred to his thinking. Viollet-le-Duc’s theoretical legacy thus extends far beyond historicism and touches on fundamental questions of modern architecture.

Classification

Eugène Viollet-le-Duc died in Lausanne on September 17, 1879. He left behind a multifaceted oeuvre that allows for different assessments. As a practitioner, he shaped the appearance of numerous European architectural monuments to this day. As a theorist, he provided foundations that had an impact far into the 20th century. The question of the extent to which his restoration method does justice to historic buildings remains a lively topic of discussion in the conservation debate.

POTREBBE INTERESSARTI ANCHE

Making Memory

Building design

Exhibition on David Adjaye at the Design Museum London until May 5, 2019

The Design Museum London is showing the exhibition “David Adjaye: Making Memory”. In 2016, the museum moved from a converted banana warehouse on the Thames to the former Commonwealth Institute in Kensington, which was three times the size and redesigned by John Pawson. The 1960s building, with its hyperbolic roof combined with a parabola, now houses several galleries and a timber-clad atrium that reveals the roof. The museum is surrounded by new residential buildings designed by OMA.

Sir David Adjaye, the British-Ghanaian architect, became famous with the “Dirty House 2002” and other private residences. His public libraries, which he calls “Idea Stores”, introduced a new library concept in 2004/5. Today, he builds internationally, for example a management school in Moscow and social housing in New York. Adjaye was knighted by the Queen of England in 2017.

Monuments, museums and reading pavilions

An exhibition about contemporary monuments or memorials arouses curiosity. What constitutes a monument, what do we want to remember and how? According to Adjaye, “you can only create a better future if you question the past.”

The exhibition consists of a series of tall, narrow rooms in soft anthracite and light yolk yellow. Models, films and objects vividly illustrate seven selected projects. The projects presented have more or less the function of monuments. Some are rather monumental, such as the planned national cathedral in Ghana. Others are more like monuments, such as the reading pavilion commemorating an uprising in South Korea. References are presented quite literally, such as the crown of an African sculpture or the spiral of fossils.

The African American Museum in Washington

The most important and largest project built is the African American Museum in Washington, USA. The building lives above all from its content. The museum presents the history, culture and society of African-Americans and visitors are to participate in redefining the American concept of civil rights, freedom and equality. It is centrally located on the Mall in Washington, just a stone’s throw from the White House. The stepped building, clad in metal latticework, is inspired by an African sculpture with a three-tiered crown. Adjaye says that the museum has already become a place of pilgrimage. He acknowledges that this building embodies the pinnacle of his work. Adjaye says: “It was the beginning of a new phase in my career and the basis for all new projects.” Some of the unbuilt projects are on display here and others are still in the planning stage.

The Baumeister 05/2018 booklet curated by David Adjaye is available at the entrance to the exhibition.

Berchtesgaden, Hotel Haus Untersberg

Building design

Haus Unterster in Berchtesgaden proves that rooms in youth hostels don’t necessarily have to be musty.

Lava’s redesigned accommodation in the south-eastern corner of Germany proves that rooms in youth hostels don’t necessarily have to be musty and claustrophobic. A trip to Berchtesgaden: Overnight stay in a youth hostel. During the journey, I keep fighting down horror stories of communal showers and six-bed rooms as small as a closet and fervently hope that the so-called design youth hostel will live up to the promise of its name. My first impression of Haus Untersberg is more than reassuring. I stand in front of the hostel with its protruding windows and yellow-painted wooden strips. Inside, things are pleasant: the entrance area is colorfully striped and you feel welcome. My room may have six beds, but there is nothing reminiscent of the feared prison cell aura. There is plenty of storage space for my travel bag and clothes, as well as an unexpectedly large number of seats in window embrasures and beanbags.

The Stuttgart architectural firm LAVA (see also Baumeister B1O/B11) has ensured that there is no longer any trace of the martial existing building from 1935 in Haus Untersberg. Instead of demolishing the typical local house with its stone base and half-timbering, architects 2O1O to 2O11 converted it. The bedrooms were enlarged and each has its own shower and toilet. The walls were also given a new coat of paint. Fortunately, not the most garish of the color families was chosen and a lot of larch wood was used so that the eye does not panic. There is no panic, but there is irritation when you look into another room: a Vitra chair? This flirtation with the design aspect of the redesign was not really necessary in these practically furnished rooms. Especially when you consider that the rooms are mainly used by families with lively children and adolescents with an egalitarian attitude. What is really charming, however, is the combination of old and new. The original balconies with carvings à la “I was here. Julia 2O11” have been retained, as have the stone floor in the entrance area and the cast-iron railings. This preserves the youth hostel flair and Haus Untersberg does not look like an over-designed foreign body on the site.

The building’s greatest asset could be – in good weather – its view. However, my stay is accompanied by wet and cold weather. Even the most beautiful mountains quickly look dreary. The leisure program on the grounds – high ropes course, archery, canoe tours – is clearly geared towards dry days. A visit to the Berchtesgaden salt mine is worthwhile, but must be done in the knowledge that most of the time will probably be spent in the queue. A mix of old and new with lots of wood is intended to adapt the building to modern needs without losing its cozy flair.

Address

Berchtesgaden Youth Hostel
Struberberg6
83483 Bischofswiesen
www.berchtesgaden.jugendherberge.de