The medieval fortified churches in Romanian Transylvania are a unique architectural heritage. There are over 160 of them. However, around a quarter of them are in acute danger due to loss of substance. The Fortified Churches Foundation, which is under German-Romanian patronage, is now coordinating structural and monument preservation measures to prevent decay. How fortified churches were built in Transylvania The more than 160 fortified churches […]
The medieval fortified churches in Romanian Transylvania are a unique architectural heritage. There are over 160 of them. However, around a quarter of them are in acute danger due to loss of substance. The Fortified Churches Foundation, which is under German-Romanian patronage, is now coordinating structural and conservation measures to prevent their decay.
The more than 160 fortified churches and fortified churches in Transylvania are a unique feature in Europe. The German-speaking Christian settlers (the so-called Saxons) who immigrated in the 12th century built their churches in the village centers. In order to be protected from attacks by eastern troops, strongholds or peasant castles were initially built in elevated, exposed locations in some areas. Later, the churches in the center of the village were fortified, providing refuge and protection within the village community. Over the centuries, they were used, extended, rebuilt and defended by the inhabitants. The originally Catholic churches became Protestant in the course of the Reformation in the 16th century and were partially altered in the following decades as a result. The Transylvanian Saxons, German-speaking and Protestant in character, emigrated to a large extent from the 20th century onwards, and especially after the fall of the communist regime in the early 1990s. This development presents the remaining parishioners and the Evangelical Church A. B. in Romania (EKR), the administrator of the church buildings, with major challenges. On the one hand, there is a lack of local leaders, and on the other, the majority Orthodox Romanians often do not identify with the fortified churches in the center of their villages. As a result, these cultural monuments were left to decay in many places.
The Fortified Churches Foundation and its tasks
In response to this development, the Evangelical Church A. B. in Romania founded the Fortified Churches Foundation in 2016, which, as a specialist institution, coordinates the structural and conservation measures carried out on the sites. The Romanian President and the German Federal President have jointly assumed the patronage of the foundation, thus sending a signal that this is a joint German-Romanian task.
The main tasks of the foundation are to rescue, preserve and maintain the cultural heritage of the church. This also includes the inventory and artistic furnishings as well as the buildings belonging to the ensembles, such as parsonages, schools and cultural centers. The activities range from emergency safeguarding of monuments to maintenance and repair work and conservation measures. At present, the focus is still on the structural restoration of walls, roofs and vaults.
A quarter of fortified churches are acutely endangered
However, a lot has already been done in recent years: between 2010 and 2014, the Protestant Church was able to restore some of the buildings with financial support from the European Union. According to the Fortified Churches Foundation as part of the traveling exhibition “Fortified Churches in Transylvania. A European Cultural Heritage”, one third of the monuments are currently in a good, in some cases even very good structural condition. Just under half of the buildings are considered to be secure or partially endangered. For around 25% of the church buildings, there is still an acute risk of extensive loss of substance. The Fortified Churches Foundation has therefore developed an emergency program together with the European University Viadrina (Frankfurt/Oder) and the Transylvanian-Saxon Cultural Council. Teams of experts consisting of structural engineers, geologists and other specialists are examining the condition and stability of the fortified churches included in the program. As a result, safety concepts will be developed to compile priority lists of necessary interventions. These investigations will be carried out between summer 2017 and the end of 2018. The joint program is financed by the German Federal Commissioner for Culture and the Media, the ECR Sustainability Fund and the Romanian Ministry of Culture. The foundation has also set up an emergency fund for endangered churches and fortified churches. These funds are intended for acute emergencies such as storm damage, where rapid intervention is essential to prevent consequential damage.
Comprehensive restoration and conservation measures at the fortified churches
Comprehensive conservation and restoration measures are also carried out in some churches. These are mostly carried out by academically trained restorers from Romania, but also by colleagues from Hungary, Germany and other countries. In addition to the conservation of wall paintings and sculpturally worked natural stone components, large-scale uncovering, consolidation, puttying and retouching of painting cycles has also been carried out (Honigberg, Schmiegen). This certainly represents an interesting interdisciplinary exchange of ethical concepts of restoration across national and linguistic borders. On the other hand, however, there is also the progressive decay and the danger of vandalism (Dobring, Rothbach).
However, the foundation’s activities go far beyond practical monument conservation. Model projects are being developed, experts brought together, craftsmen trained, publications and exhibitions organized and public relations work intensified. We are awaiting a comprehensive publication by the experts concerned. For the future, the preservation and, above all, the development of the use of the many fortified churches remains an enormous task that requires further international support. The Association of Restorers (VDR) is organizing the 1st international symposium “Cultural Heritage of the Transylvanian Fortified Church Landscape” in Berlin from 4 to 6 May in professional cooperation with the Fortified Churches Foundation (RO) and the Kulturerbe Kirchenburgen e.V. association (DE).
The conference will bring together various stakeholders active in the broad field of research, preservation and utilization of Transylvanian fortified churches. The aim is an intensive exchange of experience and ideas between academics and practitioners, administrators, users and decision-makers. A second conference will follow in Transylvania in May 2019, giving participants the opportunity to get to know a number of properties and projects and to engage directly with local stakeholders.
You can read more about the work of the Fortified Churches Foundation in the upcoming issue of RESTAURO 02/2018, which will be published on March 12, 2018.












