Pinakotheken hand over archives from the National Socialist era

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The world-renowned Doerner Institut – part of the Bavarian State Painting Collections since April 1947 – is handing over around 80 file units and glass plates from the National Socialist era to the Federal Archives. The Munich Pinakotheken are handing over files from the National Socialist era to the Federal Archives – around 14,000 documents and images on around 1,000 glass negatives from the […]

The world-renowned Doerner Institut – part of the Bavarian State Painting Collections since April 1947 – is handing over around 80 file units and glass plates from the National Socialist era to the Federal Archives.

The Munich Pinakotheken are handing over files from the National Socialist era to the Federal Archives – around 14,000 documents and images on around 1,000 glass negatives from the Doerner Institut in Munich. The world-renowned institute – which conserves all the art treasures of the Pinakothek museums in Bavaria and has been part of the Bavarian State Painting Collections since April 1947 – was founded in 1937 as the Reich Institute for Painting Technology. During the National Socialist era, it belonged to the Reichskammer der bildenden Künste (Reich Chamber of Fine Arts), whose files are still considered lost today. The archives are therefore of great significance for contemporary history.

Professor Andreas Burmester, the long-standing director of the Doerner Institut, has meticulously reconstructed the history of the Institut für Maltechnik, which goes far back into the 19th century, on the basis of newly discovered archival documents. Munich, more than any other German city, has a long tradition of dealing with questions of painting technique and art technology: the “I. Congress” and the “I. Exhibition for Painting Technique” took place here in 1893.

Max Doerner (1870-1839), who taught the practical use of painting materials for artists at the Academy of Fine Arts, was commissioned in June 1934 to draw up plans for a Reich Institute for Painting Technique. The Doerner Institute was officially founded on July 19, 1937, one day after the opening of the Haus der Deutschen Kunst. “The fact that this date coincides with the opening of the ‘Degenerate Art’ exhibition by Adolf Ziegler is a programmatic coincidence, as it links the establishment of the institute with the ‘New German Art’ as understood by the National Socialist rulers. Even if the opening of the Doerner Institute itself takes place on a small scale, it must be seen in the context of numerous other events on the occasion of the opening weekend for the Haus der Deutschen Kunst,” emphasizes Andreas Burmester. Max Doerner is almost 70 years old at the time and in poor health. He often stays at his summer residence in Weßling and only corresponds with his employees in writing. He died just two years after the company was founded.
Andreas Burmester’s two-volume work “Der Kampf um die Kunst. Max Doerner and his Reichsinstitut für Maltechnik” (Boehlau Verlag, 2016) is considered a milestone in research based on primary records. A chapter in the reappraisal of the history of the institution has thus been completed. The collection is the first bundle that the Bavarian State Painting Collections have handed over to state archives.

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Sustainable mobility: the role of apps and data analysis for green transportation

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According to an IEA study, digital mobility solutions can reduce CO₂ emissions in transportation worldwide by up to 20% by 2050. @ Jakub Zerdzicki | Pexels

With increasing urbanization and rising emissions from the transport sector, sustainable mobility is becoming one of the most pressing challenges of our time. Transportation is responsible for around 25% of CO₂ emissions worldwide and contributes significantly to air pollution. Digital tools, especially mobility apps and data-driven analytics, offer innovative solutions to make transportation more efficient, environmentally friendly and user-centric. They promote the integration of different modes of transport, optimize routes and facilitate the transition to zero-emission alternatives.

Fun fact: According to a study by the International Energy Agency (IEA), digital technologies could help reduce CO₂ emissions in transportation by up to 20% by 2050.

With increasing urbanization and rising emissions from the transport sector, sustainable mobility is becoming one of the most pressing challenges of our time. Transportation is responsible for around 25% of CO₂ emissions worldwide and contributes significantly to air pollution. Digital tools, especially mobility apps and data-driven analytics, offer innovative solutions to make transportation more efficient, environmentally friendly and user-centric. They promote the integration of different modes of transport, optimize routes and facilitate the transition to zero-emission alternatives.

Fun fact: According to a study by the International Energy Agency (IEA), digital technologies could help reduce CO₂ emissions in transportation by up to 20% by 2050.

Digitalization plays a central role in the transformation towards sustainable mobility.

Mobility apps

Mobility apps combine various modes of transport, including public transport, sharing services and bicycles, on one platform. They offer users real-time information, booking options and payment integration.

Big data

Data from transport systems, IoT devices and user interactions are collected and analyzed to optimize traffic flows, avoid congestion and promote environmentally friendly alternatives.

Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT sensors in vehicles, transportation infrastructure and cities collect data such as traffic volume, air quality and energy consumption. This data is used to make sustainable transportation decisions.

Practical example: In Copenhagen, mobility apps use IoT data to recommend the safest and fastest route to cyclists, which has increased bicycle use by 10%.

Digital tools open up numerous opportunities to make mobility more sustainable.

Route optimization

Apps use real-time data and predictive analyses to recommend the fastest and most environmentally friendly routes for users. They take into account traffic volumes, weather conditions and the availability of means of transport.

Sharing systems

Apps promote the use of car sharing, bike sharing and e-scooters. These services reduce individual traffic and cut emissions by facilitating the shared use of vehicles.

Integrated transportation services (MaaS)

Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) platforms combine different modes of transportation in one app. Users can seamlessly connect public transport, bicycles, cabs and car sharing.

Monitoring and controlling the flow of traffic

Data analysis helps cities to monitor traffic flows and take measures to reduce congestion and emissions.

Practical example: In Amsterdam, a mobility platform uses data from public transport and sharing services to offer users seamless connections between trains, buses and bicycles.

The use of apps and data analysis offers significant benefits for cities, users and the environment.

Increased efficiency

Apps help users to switch quickly and flexibly between modes of transportation and reduce unnecessary waiting times.

Environmentally friendly

By promoting shared mobility and zero-emission modes of transport such as bicycles and e-scooters, digital tools help to reduce CO₂ emissions.

User-friendliness

Mobility apps offer intuitive interfaces, real-time information and integrated payment options that make it easier to use sustainable modes of transport.

Cost savings

Sharing means of transport and optimizing routes reduces mobility costs for users and cities alike.

Expert opinion: According to a study by McKinsey, digital mobility solutions increase the use of sustainable transportation by up to 15%.

Despite their benefits, there are also challenges that need to be considered when introducing digital tools for green mobility.

Data protection and data security

The collection and processing of movement and user data raises questions about data protection. Apps must ensure that they are GDPR-compliant and protect their users’ data.

Infrastructure costs

Setting up IoT sensors and integrating different modes of transportation into one platform requires significant investment.

User acceptance

Not all users are ready to use new technologies or sustainable means of transportation. Cities need to raise awareness to increase acceptance.

Digital barriers

Not all citizens have access to smartphones or the internet, which can limit inclusion.

Expert opinion: According to a survey by PwC, 40% of cities consider user acceptance to be the biggest challenge when introducing digital mobility solutions.

Copenhagen: Green routes for cyclists

A mobility app in Copenhagen uses real-time data to recommend the best routes for cyclists. The app has significantly increased the use of bicycles in the city and helped to reduce emissions.

Amsterdam: MaaS platform

In Amsterdam, a Mobility-as-a-Service platform bundles various modes of transportation, including buses, trains, bicycles and car sharing. Users can seamlessly switch between modes of transport and pay for everything via an app.

Singapore: Smart mobility

Singapore uses big data and AI to monitor traffic flows in real time and make public transport more efficient. An app offers users personalized recommendations for environmentally friendly routes.

The integration of new technologies will drive sustainable mobility even further in the future.

  1. Artificial intelligence (AI): AI algorithms can predict traffic flows and recommend sustainable alternatives in real time.
  2. Predictive analysis: data analysis could anticipate future traffic problems and enable preventative measures.
  3. Integration with autonomous vehicles: Apps could integrate autonomous vehicles into their platforms to promote zero-emission mobility solutions.
  4. Gamification: Game elements in apps could create incentives to use sustainable means of transportation, e.g. through reward systems for emission-free journeys.

Future outlook: In a pilot project in Helsinki, an AI-supported app is being developed that suggests the lowest-emission route to users and displays CO₂ savings in real time.

Digital tools such as mobility apps and data-based analyses are indispensable for the transformation towards sustainable mobility. They promote environmentally friendly modes of transport, optimize routes and increase the efficiency of urban mobility systems. Despite challenges such as data protection and infrastructure costs, these technologies offer enormous potential to make cities more sustainable and liveable.

Concluding thought: The future of mobility is digital, sustainable and user-oriented. With the right technology, cities can drive forward the transport revolution and make a decisive contribution to climate protection.

Read more: In Freising, Bavaria, Latz + Partner is redesigning the open spaces on the Domberg.

Negro Marquina

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which is due to the organic carbon compounds it contains

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Petrology is the study of the formation, properties and use of rocks. In our online series, we present types of stone and their occurrence: This time Negro Marquina. To say it up front: Nero Marquina is not marble, but a limestone. Nevertheless, this stone is repeatedly referred to as marble in brochures. And not only in […]

Petrology is the study of the formation, properties and use of rocks. In our online series, we present types of stone and their occurrence: This time Negro Marquina.

To say it up front: Nero Marquina is not marble, but a limestone. Nevertheless, this stone is repeatedly referred to as marble in brochures. And not only by suppliers from overseas, but also by suppliers whose national standardization institutes are subject to the CEN rules of procedure.

In EN 12440 “Natural stone – Criteria for designation”, the requirement for the designation of the respective petrographic family according to section 3.2 is: “Scientific designation of the stone obtained from petrographic examination according to EN 12407 and EN 12670.” In order to be able to designate a rock as marble, it is necessary that a metamorphic transformation has taken place in this rock. This has not occurred in the case of Negro Marquina.

The stone was formed in brackish water. Here, the low oxygen content and dead plants and animals that did not decompose immediately created putrefactive sludge. Its origin can still be determined today during processing, as such rocks are not called stinky limestone for nothing. But don’t worry: when fully installed, this stone does not emit any unpleasant odors.

Read more in STEIN 2/2021.