Anyone who only thinks of cubes, cuboids and neat CAD hatchings when it comes to ‘building structure’ has missed half the picture. The building structure is the chameleon of architecture – sometimes a volume, sometimes a shell, sometimes an urban figure, always a plaything between design idea, technology and context. Time to put this dazzling concept to the test: What is the building today? And why is its role in digital, sustainable design more controversial than ever?
- The building: more than just a geometric volume sketch – it is a design, an attitude and a means of communication all in one.
- In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the building shapes the architectural self-image – and causes controversial debates.
- Digital tools and AI are radically changing the way we deal with buildings – from parametric design to urban simulation.
- Sustainability demands new building typologies: climate, resource efficiency and social aspects are shifting priorities.
- Today, planners need in-depth technical knowledge to model, analyze and optimize buildings.
- The building structure remains a point of contention between building regulations, urban planning and aesthetic demands – and is more political than ever before.
- International trends such as adaptive reuse, circular design and algorithmic morphology are throwing old doctrines overboard.
- Buildings are at the center of the architectural discourse – from the digital transformation to the climate crisis.
Baukörper: term, history and meaning in the German-speaking world
Hardly any other term is as present – and at the same time as difficult to grasp – as the building structure. In German, Austrian and Swiss universities, building authorities and offices, it circulates as a basic vocabulary, as a synonym for building cubature, as an abstraction of design. But what exactly does it actually mean? From a historical point of view, the building structure initially refers to the visible, three-dimensional volume of a building. Not a façade, not a construction, but the spatial figure that a building forms in the urban space or in the landscape. If you look at the roots, you inevitably end up with the classics of modernism: buildings as carriers of spatial ideas, as a manifesto of architectural attitude. Taut, Gropius, Loos – they all staged buildings as signatures of their time.
But the building is never neutral. It is drawn, modelled, negotiated – and politicized. Structures determine how a building appears, how it blends in or stands out, how it organizes light, shadow, lines of sight and flows of movement. In practice, they are the interface between design freedom and building regulations: Section 34 of the German Building Code (BauGB), spacing, storeys – the building structure is always the result of compromises. In Austria and Switzerland, where building culture traditionally enjoys a high status, the discussion about the building structure is often particularly lively. The debate is not only about volume and proportion, but also about identity, home and transformation.
The debate about building volumes is therefore also a reflection of social conflicts. Densification or loosening up? Homogeneity or rupture? Density or permeability? In Zurich, for example, the building is becoming a key urbanistic issue – and a tool for steering urban development. In Vienna, it sets the pace for Gründerzeit block edges and redensification. In Munich or Hamburg, on the other hand, building volumes regularly ignite disputes about high-rise boundaries, ensemble effects and neighborhood compatibility. There is hardly a competition in which the question of the building structure does not become the crucial issue.
However, the building structure is not only a point of contention, but also a catalyst for innovation. With every new material, every new construction method, every regulatory adjustment, the scope shifts. Digitization has finally liberated the concept of the building from the hand-drawn. Today, buildings are conceived parametrically, as a set of rules, relationships and dependencies. They are no longer static, but dynamic, adaptable and networkable. And that has consequences: The building has become a field of experimentation – for sustainability, for urban resilience, for new living and working models.
At its core, however, the building remains what it has always been: the spatial, visible result of architectural decisions. However, the question of how we define, model and negotiate it in discourse will shape the future of the built environment. Anyone working with buildings today is always working on the next form of society. This sounds pathetic, but it is pure reality – and a daily challenge for architecture and urban planning.
Technological change: digitalization and AI as game changers in building design
Anyone designing buildings today rarely works with tracing paper and a guide circle. Instead, BIM models, parametric design tools and increasingly AI-based simulations dominate everyday life. But what does this mean for the definition and design of building structures? First of all, the possibilities are exploding. What used to take hours of model making or expensive 3D printing experiments can now be generated, varied and analyzed in minutes. Buildings are becoming data objects whose properties can be changed dynamically – volume, surface, shading, resource requirements and even the potential for subsequent demolition can be simulated.
Digitalization has made the debate on building structures more technical, but also more democratic. In digital design processes, variants can be played through in real time and the effects on the cityscape, microclimate and neighborhood can be visually reproduced. This not only changes the workflow in the architectural office, but also communication with clients, authorities and the public. The building becomes a platform for exchange – and an arena for participation and conflict resolution. Anyone who is not digitally positioned here will quickly lose touch with the debate.
AI and algorithmic design logic go one step further: they enable design processes in which buildings are automatically generated according to criteria such as material optimization, energy efficiency or urban impact. This sounds like science fiction, but it has long been a reality in international offices and some German showcase projects. In Zurich and Vienna, for example, building studies are now created with the help of AI simulations that optimize dozens of parameters simultaneously. The result: unprecedented flexibility, but also new uncertainties. Who decides which variant is built? The algorithm or the human?
At the same time, the demands on planners’ technical expertise are increasing. It is no longer enough to draw volumes nicely. What is needed is knowledge of data management, simulation, interface architecture and digital communication. Building expertise is shifting from gut feeling to data-based analysis. This has advantages: Sources of error can be minimized, scenarios can be compared and sustainability aspects can be integrated at an early stage. But it also harbors risks. Data gaps, algorithmic distortions, a lack of transparency – all of these can result in buildings that are digitally perfect but socially and culturally useless.
Digitalization therefore does not make the building more abstract, but more concrete – if it is used correctly. It opens up new spaces for design, analysis and participation. But it also challenges us to rethink responsibility. The building is no longer just the product of individual creativity, but the result of collaborative, digital processes. If you want to handle this with confidence, you need more than software knowledge – you need attitude, the ability to reflect and the willingness to throw old certainties overboard.
Sustainability and buildings: between resource conservation and climate adaptation
Climate change has finally taken the building out of its comfort zone. Where questions of form and design used to dominate, what matters most today is how resilient, how efficient and how resource-conserving the building is. In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the sustainability debate has long since arrived at the center of planning reality – and the building structure is moving into focus as a key factor. Every cubature, every volume, every building orientation influences energy requirements, carbon footprint and life cycle costs. The building structure is therefore no longer an aesthetic gimmick, but a central lever for climate protection and resource efficiency.
Today, innovative building concepts go far beyond insulation thicknesses and window areas. They integrate shading, natural ventilation, solar yields, rainwater management and flexible usage scenarios. In Switzerland, for example, planners are experimenting with reversible building structures that can be adapted to changing uses or climatic conditions. In Vienna and Munich, projects are focusing on hybrid structures that combine living space, work and public functions in one volume – and thus reduce land sealing. The building becomes a tool for sustainable urban development.
However, the sustainability of the structure is not only determined by the design, but also by the details. The choice of materials, construction method, deconstructability, circularity – all of this must be considered at an early stage. Digital tools help to integrate life cycle analyses and carbon footprints, but they are no substitute for critical reflection. Those who only rely on certificates and checklists are missing the real challenge: sustainable buildings are always social and cultural experiments. They must create acceptance, create identity and enable change.
Building regulations are also lagging behind. While cities such as Zurich or Vienna are trying to make building regulations more flexible in terms of climate adaptation, many German municipalities are struggling with rigid regulations that put the brakes on innovation. The conflict of objectives is obvious: on the one hand, buildings should be compact and efficient, while on the other, the context demands permeability, quality of life and greenery. Those who only design according to the rules will create the climate problems of tomorrow.
The solution? A radical rethink in the way we deal with buildings. They must be understood as flexible, learning systems – as interfaces between technology, the environment and society. This requires courage, a willingness to experiment and a readiness to question traditional design principles. The building of the future is no longer a rigid volume, but a hybrid, adaptive structure – always in dialog with climate, city and people.
Buildings in discourse: between regulations, vision and global change
The building has long since become a political issue. In hardly any other field do architectural visions, official regulations and social expectations meet so head-on. Particularly in German-speaking countries, where building culture and the cityscape are closely interwoven, buildings regularly spark a major debate: How much volume can the city take? Does every new building have to fit in or is it allowed to set an accent? Who decides what is a good building?
The classic fronts are well known: Urban planners see the building as a controllable element of urban development. Architects defend it as an expression of creative freedom. Authorities, on the other hand, see the building structure primarily as a risk to be controlled – in terms of space, aesthetics and neighborhood. The result: endless discussions about building boundaries, distances, staggered heights, façade alignments. The result is often a compromise that satisfies no one completely, but tires everyone involved.
However, from a global perspective, the concept of the building structure is on the move. International trends such as adaptive reuse, circular design or algorithmically generated morphologies are turning the traditional theory of the building upside down. In Rotterdam or Copenhagen, buildings are conceived as temporary, deconstructable structures. In Singapore, vertical urban districts are being created in which the building becomes the urban infrastructure. In contrast, the German-speaking discourse sometimes seems surprisingly stolid – as if the building is an eternal constant.
But things are happening here too: young architecture firms are experimenting with open, permeable structures that mediate between inside and outside, redefining the boundaries between private and public. Digital twins and simulations make it possible to make the effects of building decisions on the urban climate, mobility and social dynamics transparent. The debate on building structures is thus becoming more global, more networked and more interdisciplinary. It is no longer just a matter for architects, but part of a comprehensive social negotiation process.
Visionary approaches even call for a completely new way of thinking about the building: no longer as an object, but as a process, as a platform, as a dynamic system. This is uncomfortable, but necessary – because the challenges of the future cannot be solved with the buildings of the past. Those who shy away from this debate risk becoming rigid planners in their own corset. Those who embrace it can be part of a global awakening that reconnects architecture, the city and society.
Conclusion: Building structure – more than volume, less than certainty
The building remains the central tool of architecture – but today, more than ever, it is a projection surface for technology, culture and social change. Anyone who sees it merely as a volume or hatching underestimates its power. Digitalization, sustainability and global trends are challenging us to rethink buildings as adaptive, networked, responsible systems. The future of architecture will be decided not least by how we deal with buildings – courageously, critically, experimentally. The old certainty that the building explains the world is passé. But the opportunity to change the world with buildings has never been greater.












