What does the past teach us about the coronavirus crisis?

Building design
USA. Photo: Wikimediacommons / courtesy of the National Museum of Health and Medicine

USA. Photo: Wikimediacommons / courtesy of the National Museum of Health and Medicine

Is it possible to keep the number of infections low by restricting public life at an early stage? A leap back in time, to the year 1918 to be precise, helps us to find answers In Germany, as in many other countries around the world, public life is now being increasingly restricted. Public institutions are being closed […]

Is it possible to keep the number of infections low by restricting public life at an early stage? A leap back in time, to the year 1918 to be precise, helps us to find answers


An der Spanischen Grippe erkrankte Patienten in einem Notfallkrankenhaus im Camp Funston der Militärbasis Fort Riley in Kansas, USA. Foto: Wikimediacommons / courtesy of the National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C., United States/ Pandemic Influenza: The Inside Story. Nicholls H, PLoS Biology Vol. 4/2/2006, e50
Patients suffering from the Spanish flu in an emergency hospital at Camp Funston on the Fort Riley military base in Kansas, USA. Photo: Wikimediacommons / courtesy of the National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C., United States/ Pandemic Influenza: The Inside Story. Nicholls H, PLoS Biology Vol. 4/2/2006, e50

In Germany, as in many other countries around the world, public life is now being increasingly restricted. Public institutions are being closed and people are being asked to stay at home and avoid social contact as far as possible. The past also shows us that early precautionary measures and restrictions on public interaction help to save lives.

In 1918, there was an outbreak of a rapidly spreading epidemic. The Spanish flu claimed the lives of around 50 million people in 1918 and 1919. Although Spain was not the source of the epidemic, the press initially spoke mainly of infected people in Spain. This aspect gives the epidemic its name. The disease infects people worldwide and is one of the most devastating in history. However, the number of people infected varies from place to place, depending on the precautionary measures taken by the respective authorities.

In comparison, the cities of Philadelphia and St. Louis are located in the USA. The city of Philadelphia defied all warnings and held a parade on September 28, 1918 with around 200,000 people celebrating. Within a few days, the local hospitals are overcrowded and the number of infected people rises dramatically. In no other city do more people lose their lives as a result of the pandemic. The Spanish flu has claimed more than 12,000 lives here.

The authorities in St. Louis, however, react quickly. They restrict the public life of residents even before the first known case and warn citizens against large gatherings of people. Public institutions such as schools, cinemas, libraries and churches are closed and the parade is canceled. Thanks to these measures, there is no sudden increase in the number of infections and hospitals are prevented from being overloaded. Thanks to these measures, the city of St. Louis has a mortality rate eight times lower than Philadelphia and fewer than 700 people die.

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KfW Building Award 2018

Building design

The application phase for the KfW Building Award 2018 ends on March 1, 2018 and is open to private developers and building cooperatives.

The application phase for the KfW Building Award 2018 ends on 1 March 2018. Until then, private developers or building cooperatives who have implemented a new construction project or extended, converted, modernized or revitalized an existing building in the past five years can apply.

The projects submitted will be assessed and awarded prizes as a whole. The decisive factor is the right balance of successful architecture and appearance, good integration into the structural environment, energy and cost efficiency, future-oriented and sustainable construction methods, optimal use of space and floor area as well as individual comfort.

“The KfW Building Award is intended to inspire the developers of today and tomorrow to renovate existing living space with foresight and to plan new living space with an eye to the future,” explains Ingrid Hengster, member of the Executive Board of KfW Bankengruppe. “We honor residential projects that meet the requirements of our time in an exemplary manner. The focus is on combining successful architecture with energy efficiency, accessibility and living comfort.”

The prize is endowed with a total of EUR 35,000. The winners in the categories “New Construction” and “Building in Existing Contexts” (extension, conversion, modernization) will receive a total of EUR 30,000. The first prize in both categories is endowed with EUR 7,000 each, the second prize with EUR 5,000 each and the winners of the third prize each receive EUR 3,000. In addition, the jury, chaired by architect Hans Kollhoff, has the option of awarding a special prize worth EUR 5,000.

The award ceremony will take place on May 17, 2018 at the Bertelsmann AG Representative Office in the capital, Unter den Linden 1, Berlin.

Further information and application documents can be found at www.kfw.de

that a person left behind in the fresh ash 11,000 years ago during a volcanic eruption. Photo: WWU/Ralf Hetzel

Everyone knows Pompeii. In 79 AD, after an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, numerous remains – including human remains – were preserved by the ash. Such traces were also found in Kula in western Turkey. During the construction of a dam in 1969, human footprints were discovered, among other things, the dating of which could not yet be clarified. Now, under […]

Everyone knows Pompeii. In 79 AD, after an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, numerous remains – including human remains – were preserved by the ash. Such traces were also found in Kula in western Turkey. During the construction of a dam in 1969, human footprints were discovered, among other things, the dating of which could not be clarified until now. Now, under the leadership of scientists from the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, it has been proven that the footprints are around 11,000 years old – and therefore much younger than originally assumed. The assumptions ranged from 250,000 to 25,000 years.

A new method based on the analysis of particles produced by cosmic radiation in rocks near the surface was used for the dating. The particles used are the isotopes helium-3 and beryllium-10. The rocks dated in this way were deposited on the Earth’s surface at the same time as the volcanic ash from Kula. The new dating now enables archaeologists to reconstruct the settlement history of the region.

The study also proves that several volcanic eruptions have taken place in the Kula volcanic field, one of the youngest volcanic areas in the eastern Mediterranean, in the last 4,000 years. Kilometers of lava flows were deposited in the process. The study is presented in detail by Caroline Heinekea, Samuel Niedermann, Ralf Hetzela and Cüneyt Akal in the 34th issue of Quaternary Geochronolgy.